I had a quick look in the 1981 technical data book.
The W126 280SE also had 6" wheels, like a W116 280SE, so I would have thought they should fit.
There is a note next to the W116 and W126 V8s saying the 6" rims should not be used, but it doesn't say more than that.
it also lists the 6.5" bundt as part number 108 400 10 02, so at least early W126 had the same rim as the W116 v8 cars. There is a bundt with a W126 part number but I think that change had something to do with valve stems.
Moving to the 1983 book, it confirms the part number of the rim is now 126 400 21 02. As a footnote, it says starting October 81, they moved to rubber valve w126 part number, as I thought.
Lug bolts should be part 108 401 00 70 M12x1.5 and 29.5mm in length.
There was of course a 5.5" version of these wheels for the W115 and W123. This is not meant to be used on the W116 or W126 but no idea if it would bolt up or not. S1 W126 brakes are bigger than W116, so possible a wheel that is marginal on the W116 would not work at all on the W126. Having said that I always thought the main difference was the fronts which isn't a problem here.